Abstract Objectives: This experimental laboratory study aimed to compare the effect of four external irrigation protocols on bone tissue heating during guided implant drilling. Methods: Forty perforations were made in ten bovine rib specimens using customized surgical templates. Four experimental groups (n=10/group) were tested: Control group = 10-ml syringe with 25°C saline solution, Group 1 = 10-ml syringe with 10°C saline solution, Group 2 = combined external irrigation using a handpiece and a 10-ml syringe with 25°C saline solution, and Group 3 = combined external irrigation using a handpiece and a 10-ml syringe with 10°C saline solution. The temperature was measured at cervical and apical points using K-type thermocouples, a digital thermometer, and a video recorder. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficients (alpha=0.05). Results: The maximum temperature was 42°C (cervical) and 44°C (apical). No difference in temperature changes was found among groups, but the difference between bone specimens was statistically significant. Temperature and time were positively associated for most groups, mainly in the cervical region. Conclusions: All irrigation methods were equally effective in controlling the bone temperature in cervical and apical regions. However, longer drilling times caused a greater increase in temperature.

Resumo Objetivos: Este estudo experimental de laboratório teve como objetivo comparar o efeito de quatro protocolos de irrigação externa no aquecimento do tecido ósseo durante a perfuração guiada de implantes. Métodos: Quarenta perfurações foram feitas em dez peças de costelas bovinas utilizando guias cirúrgicas personalizadas. Quatro grupos experimentais (n=10/grupo) foram testados: Grupo controle = seringa de 10 ml com solução salina 25°C, Grupo 1 = seringa de 10 ml com solução salina 10°C, Grupo 2 = irrigação externa combinada usando peça de mão e seringa de 10 ml com solução salina 25°C, e Grupo 3 = irrigação externa combinada com peça de mão e seringa de 10 ml com solução salina 10°C. A temperatura foi medida nos pontos cervical e apical, utilizando termopares tipo K, termômetro digital e videogravador. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e coeficientes de correlação de Pearson (alfa=0,05). Resultados: A temperatura máxima foi de 42°C (cervical) e 44°C (apical). Nenhuma diferença nas mudanças de temperatura foi encontrada entre os grupos, mas a diferença entre os espécimes ósseos foi estatisticamente significativa. Temperatura e tempo estiveram positivamente associados para a maioria dos grupos, principalmente na região cervical. Conclusões: Todos os métodos de irrigação foram igualmente eficazes no controle da temperatura óssea nas regiões cervical e apical. No entanto, tempos de perfuração mais longos tiveram um aumento maior na temperatura.

RESUMO: O tumor venéreo transmissível canino (TVTC) é a linhagem de células somáticas mais antiga conhecida. É um câncer transmissível que se propaga naturalmente em cães e mutações genéticas já foram relatadas. O gene RASSF1 atua no reparo de danos ao DNA e presume-se que, quando suprimido ou com expressão gênica reduzida, o TVTC tende a progredir. A expressão do gene supressor de tumor, como RASSF1, foi quantificada em tecidos de dezessete animais e três culturas de células de tecidos tumorais. Em geral, o gene RASSF1 apresentou prevalência de subexpressão (65%) e ausência em 35% dos demais tecidos analisados. Células isoladas de culturas de tecidos tumorais também demonstraram 67% com expressão diminuída e 33% com expressão elevada, com diferença significativa entre os níveis de expressão gênica em amostras de tecido quando comparadas às culturas de células, com tecidos apresentando níveis mais baixos de expressão gênica em comparação com células. Anteriormente, relatamos que tanto o microambiente tumoral quanto o sistema imunológico do hospedeiro parecem influenciar a tumorigênese e o estágio do TVTC. Este é o primeiro artigo a demonstrar a expressão de RASSF1 no TVTC, possivelmente alterando sua tumorigênese e auxiliando no aumento da progressão tumoral.

ABSTRACT: Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is the oldest known somatic cell lineage. It is a transmissible cancer that propagates naturally in dogs and reportedly contains gene mutations. RASSF1 participates in DNA damage repair, and its downregulation, results in tumor progression. Hence, RASSF1 is a tumor suppressor gene. Its expression was quantified in tumors from seventeen animals and three cell cultures derived from tumors. In general, RASSF1 was underexpressed in 65%, and absent in 35% of tumor samples. Cells from tumor tissue cultures showed decreased expression of RASSF1 in 67% and elevated expression in 33% of samples tested. The tumor tissues showed significantly lower levels of RASSF1 expression compared to cultured cells. Previously we reported that both the tumor microenvironment and the host immune system appear to influence the tumorigenesis and stage of CTVT. This is the first article to demonstrate the expression of RASSF1 in CTVT. Decreased RASSF1 possibly helps tumor progression.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) has been established as the standard external-beam radiation technique to treat prostate cancer in several countries. In Brazil, the public health system and the National Health Agency do not reimburse its utilization. This study compared the cost-effectiveness of IMRT and tridimensional radiotherapy (3D-RT) from a payer’s perspective. METHODS: We built a Markov model to delineate the health states after treatment with IMRT and 3D-RT. The treatment-related toxicity data were extracted from the literature. The sensitivity analyses were performed over potential parameters. RESULTS: The incremental cost of IMRT was R$ 5,553.78. At a time horizon of 5 years, the quality-adjusted life expectancy after IMRT was higher than 3D-RT. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of IMRT over 3D-RT was R$-296,74/quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Therefore, IMRT was the dominant strategy, which depended on the value of interventional procedures for severe toxicity and the difference between IMRT and 3D-RT reimbursement. The IMRT was still most likely to be cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay R$ 100,000/QALY, with a net monetary benefit (NMB) superior to 3D-RT after R$ 50,000.00, resulting in a difference of R$220.000,00 after 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: IMRT generated more values than 3D-RT for external-beam treatment. Given its potential to reduce late toxicity with hypofractionation, these data reinforce its incorporation to treat prostate cancer in the Brazilian health system from a payer’s perspective.

Resumo Este estudo analisou as determinações do trabalho dos professores da rede municipal de Sarandi, estado do Paraná, no Brasil, materializadas nas suas práticas de tempo livre/lazer. Esse tipo de trabalho tem se mostrado, a cada dia, mais precarizado e intensificado. Disso decorrem necessidades tanto no âmbito do cuidado com a saúde desses trabalhadores, quanto na realização de atividades compensatórias por meio do usufruto do tempo livre/lazer. Por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, identificamos que os professores têm jornada de trabalho ampliada com salários cada vez mais reduzidos e perda de direitos garantidos. Além disso, se deparam com deficiências na estrutura física e pedagógica da escola. Esses elementos demonstraram exercer forte influência no nível de saúde e nas escolhas e possibilidades de ocupação do tempo livre/lazer desses profissionais, tornando o tempo cronometrado, ajustado e limitado em suas possibilidades emancipatórias tanto dentro quanto fora do trabalho.

Abstract This study examined determinations of teachers’ work at municipal schools in Sarandi, Paraná, Brazil, focused on their free time/leisure practices. This type of work has become increasingly precarious and intense, resulting in needs both in terms of these workers’ health care and in compensatory activities using free time/leisure. Through semi-structured interviews, we found that teachers work long shifts while earning increasingly low wages and losing established rights, but they also face challenges in schools’ physical and pedagogical structure. These aspects have a strong influence on their level of health and their choices and possibilities for occupying their free time/leisure. Their time is controlled, tight and restricted in their emancipatory possibilities both at work and during time off.

Resumen El estudio analizó las determinaciones del trabajo de los profesores de la red municipal de Sarandi, Estado de Paraná, en Brasil, materializadas en sus prácticas de tiempo libre/ocio. Ese tipo de trabajo se ha mostrado, a cada día, más precarizado en recursos y se ha intensificado en horas. De ello devienen necesidades en el ámbito del cuidado con la salud de esos trabajadores, además de la necesidad de realizar actividades compensatorias a través del disfrute del tiempo libre y de ocio. A través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, identificamos que los profesores tienen una jornada de trabajo ampliada, con salarios cada vez más reducidos y pérdida de derechos antes garantizados. Además, enfrentan deficiencias en la estructura física y pedagógica de la escuela. Esos elementos ejercen fuerte influencia en el nivel de salud y en las elecciones y posibilidades de ocupación del tiempo libre de esos profesionales, haciendo que el tiempo libre sea cronometrado, ajustado y limitado en sus posibilidades emancipadoras, tanto dentro como fuera del trabajo.

RESUMO: O tumor venéreo transmissível canino (TVTC) se trata de uma neoplasia transmissível, que se propaga naturalmente entre os cães pela transferência halogênica de células tumorais, principalmente, durante o coito. É a mais antiga linhagem tumoral conhecida na natureza e relatos sobre mutações gênicas vêm sendo ampliadas. Além disso, este tumor compartilha uma série de mutações genéticas com alguns cânceres em seres humanos, dentre eles, carcinomas de pulmão, melanoma, próstata, mama, entre outros tipos de câncer. Assim, quantificou-se a expressão de genes supressores de tumores, como TP53, P21 e genes relacionados à apoptose, como BAX, BCL-2 e BCL-xL, tanto in vivo quanto in vitro (cultura celular primária). No presente estudo, na comparação das expressões gênicas, o gene TP53 se mostrou elevado na maioria dos casos em tecidos (65%) e em cultura celular primária (100%), enquanto BCL-2, BCL-xL e BAX apresentaram-se variáveis entre os animais analisados. Ademais, nessas situações os resultados sugerem que não ocorreu regulação apoptótica desses genes pelo TP53. O gene P21 mostrou-se, em sua maioria, normal (70%), embora a ausência (6%) e subexpressões (24%) também tenham sido observadas. A análise estatística do gene BCL-xL demonstrou diferenças significativas entre os tecidos dos animais, quando comparadas às culturas celulares, entretanto, para os demais genes, não foi observada diferença estatística entre os grupos. Preliminarmente, os resultados sugerem a presença de alterações nas expressões gênicas dos genes TP53, P21, BAX, BCL-2 e BCL-xL, levando a perda de função desses genes, os quais afetam a tumorigênese do CTVT.

ABSTRACT: Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a transmissible neoplasm, which spreads naturally between dogs through the halogenic transfer of tumor cells, mainly during coitus. It is the oldest known tumoral lineage in nature and reports on gene mutations have been extended. Also, this tumor shares several genetic mutations with some cancers in humans, among them lung carcinomas, melanoma, prostate, breast, among other cancers. Thus, expression of tumor suppressor genes such as TP53, P21, and apoptosis-related genes such as BAX, BCL-2, and BCL-xL, both in vivo and in vitro (primary cell culture) were quantified. In the present study, the comparison of gene expression, the TP53 gene, in most cases, was shown to be high in the majority of tissues (65%) and primary cell culture (100%), while BCL-2, BCL-xL, and BAX presented variation among the animals analyzed. Moreover, in these situations, the results suggested that the apoptotic regulation of these genes did not occur for TP53. The P21 gene was shown to be mostly normal (70%); although, absence (6%) and underexpressions (24%) were also observed. Statistical analysis of the BCL-xL gene demonstrated significant differences between the tissues of the animals when compared to the cell cultures; however, to the other genes, no statistical difference was observed between the groups. Preliminarily, the results suggested the presence of alterations in the gene expressions of the TP53, P21, BAX, BCL-2 and BCL-xL leading to loss of function in these genes, which affect the tumorigenesis of CTVT.

Validation studies of physical anthropology methods in the different population groups are extremely important, especially in cases in which the population variations may cause problems in the identification of a native individual by the application of norms developed for different communities. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to estimate the gender of skeletons by application of the method of Oliveira, et al. (1995), previously used in a population sample from Northeast Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The accuracy of this method was assessed for a population from Southeast Brazil and validated by statistical tests. The method used two mandibular measurements, namely the bigonial distance and the mandibular ramus height. The sample was composed of 66 skulls and the method was applied by two examiners. The results were statistically analyzed by the paired t test, logistic discriminant analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the application of the method of Oliveira, et al. (1995) in this population achieved very different outcomes between genders, with 100% for females and only 11% for males, which may be explained by ethnic differences. However, statistical adjustment of measurement data for the population analyzed allowed accuracy of 76.47% for males and 78.13% for females, with the creation of a new discriminant formula. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that methods involving physical anthropology present high rate of accuracy for human identification, easy application, low cost and simplicity; however, the methodologies must be validated for the different populations due to differences in ethnic patterns, which are directly related to the phenotypic aspects. In this specific case, the method of Oliveira, et al. (1995) presented good accuracy and may be used for gender estimation in Brazil in two geographic regions, namely Northeast and Southeast; however, for other regions of the country (North, Central West and South), previous methodological adjustment is recommended as demonstrated in this study.